A review of 31 studies suggests that kidney stone prevention may be supported by increased fluid intake, dietary adjustments, and certain medications. However, researchers caution that the evidence is still limited and emphasize the need for further studies.
Diet And Hydration Show Preventive Benefits
A systematic review published in the Annals of Internal Medicine highlights that kidney stone prevention in adults may be achieved through increased water intake and dietary adjustments, which could help lower the risk of recurrence.
Researchers found that diets low in sodium and animal protein, combined with normal to high calcium intake, show potential in preventing recurrence. Increased fluid intake also plays a key role by diluting substances in urine that lead to stone formation.
“The evidence suggests that relatively simple dietary changes can offer some protection,” the study authors noted, while cautioning that results vary across patients.
The findings are based on 31 clinical studies involving mostly nonpregnant adults and a small number of children, reviewed by researchers from the RTI-University of North Carolina Evidence-Based Practice Center.
Medications Offer Additional Support
The review also highlights several medications that may help reduce recurrence, particularly in patients prone to calcium-based stones such as calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.
Thiazide diuretics, commonly used to treat high blood pressure, were found to lower calcium levels in urine. Alkali therapy may help balance urine acidity, while allopurinol can reduce uric acid levels linked to certain stones.
“These medications appear to provide modest benefits in preventing recurrence,” researchers said, adding that treatment decisions should be individualized based on patient history and risk factors.
However, the study emphasizes that the overall quality of evidence for drug therapies remains limited, and potential side effects must be considered.
Gaps In Evidence Highlight Need For More Research
Despite promising findings, researchers report significant gaps in available data, particularly regarding the use of imaging as a preventive strategy.
No studies in the review evaluated whether routine surveillance imaging helps reduce recurrence rates. Data on children were also scarce, limiting conclusions for younger populations.
“More high-quality research is needed to better understand the effectiveness and harms of these interventions,” the authors said.
The review concludes that diet and medications may provide small but meaningful benefits for kidney stone prevention, yet stronger evidence is needed to guide long-term strategies for patients.
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